What is colon cancer?
Colon cancer begins in the colon, which is a long tube that transports digested food to the rectum and then out of the body.
Colon cancer starts from polyps or growths in the colon’s inner lining. Doctors utilize screening tests that detect precancerous polyps before they develop into cancerous tumors.
Colon cancer that is not discovered or treated might spread to other parts of the body. Screening diagnostics, early therapy, and new types of treatment are reducing the number of people dying from colon cancer.
What causes colon cancer?
Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, typically develops when normal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum undergo genetic mutations. These mutations can lead to the uncontrolled growth of cells, forming a tumor.
The exact cause of these mutations is not always clear, but several risk factors are associated with an increased likelihood of developing colon cancer. Some of these factors include:
The risk of colon cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over the age of 50.
Family history and genetics: A family history of colon cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome, can increase the risk.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Chronic conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of colon cancer over time.
Lifestyle factors: Lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are associated with a higher risk of colon cancer.
Type 2 diabetes: Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing colon cancer.
While these factors can contribute to an increased risk, not everyone with these risk factors will develop colon cancer, and some individuals without known risk factors may still develop the disease.
Regular screening and early detection through procedures like colonoscopies are crucial for identifying and treating colon cancer at an early stage when it is more likely to be curable.
Is colon cancer common?
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers, it occurs in both men and women. Generally, the risk of this cancer increases as we age.
Symptoms of colon cancer
Colon cancer often begins without causing noticeable symptoms, especially in its early stages. However, as the disease progresses, individuals may experience various signs and symptoms. Common symptoms of colon cancer can include changes in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation, a feeling of incomplete bowel movements, or narrower stools. Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding may occur, which can be visible or detected through tests.
Abdominal discomfort, cramps, or persistent abdominal pain, especially if associated with bloating, may be indicative of advanced stages. Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and weakness are additional symptoms that may manifest.
In some cases, the tumor may obstruct the colon, causing a bowel obstruction. This can lead to symptoms like abdominal distension, vomiting, and an inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement. As colon cancer can progress slowly, individuals may not experience symptoms until the disease is at an advanced stage.
Regular screening is crucial for early detection, especially in individuals with risk factors. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if any of these symptoms are present, as they can be caused by various conditions, and prompt evaluation is necessary for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
Diagnosis of colon cancer
Diagnosing colon cancer typically involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examinations, and various diagnostic tests. If a healthcare professional suspects colon cancer based on reported symptoms or risk factors, they will likely conduct a thorough medical history review, including information about family history, lifestyle, and any concerning symptoms.
One of the key diagnostic tools for colon cancer is screening, which may include a colonoscopy. During a colonoscopy, a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the rectum to examine the entire colon for abnormalities, such as polyps or tumors. If suspicious growths are detected, a biopsy may be taken for further examination under a microscope to determine if cancer is present.
Other diagnostic tests may include imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans. These tests help assess the extent of cancer, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs.
Blood tests, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, may also be monitored over time, as elevated CEA levels can be associated with colon cancer.
Colon cancer treatment
Generally, colon cancer surgery is treated with surgery. There are several colon cancer operations and procedures:
The type of surgery performed depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, as well as the stage of cancer.
Colectomy: This is the most common surgery for colon cancer. During a colectomy, the affected portion of the colon containing the tumor is removed.
Polypectomy: For early-stage colon cancer or for removing precancerous polyps, a polypectomy may be performed during a colonoscopy. This involves removing the polyp or small tumor using specialized tools inserted through the colonoscope.
Colostomy: In some cases, especially when the cancer is located close to the anus or rectum, a colostomy may be necessary. This involves creating an opening in the abdominal wall through which a portion of the colon is brought to the surface, and waste is eliminated into a bag.
Radiofrequency ablation: This therapy employs heat to kill cancer cells.
The specific surgical approach depends on individual factors and the preferences of the surgeon.
Doctors can combine surgery and adjuvant treatments. This is a form of cancer treatment performed before or following surgery. They can additionally use these treatments if colon cancer has spread or returned. Treatments:
Targeted therapy, chemotherapy.