Testicular cancer arises in the testicles, which are small, oval-shaped glands located in the scrotum. These glands are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone, the male sex hormone. Despite its rarity compared to other cancers, testicular cancer is highly treatable,
especially when detected early.
Types of Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is broadly categorized into two main types based on the cells where it originates:
Seminomas grow more slowly and are highly responsive to radiation therapy. They include classic seminomas and the rarer spermatocytic seminomas.
Non-seminomas are more aggressive and may include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinoma, teratomas, or mixed germ cell tumors.
Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
The common signs and symptoms include:
A painless lump or swelling in one testicle.
Discomfort or pain in the testicle or scrotum.
Changes in the size or shape of the testicles.
A sensation of heaviness in the scrotum.
Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.
Causes of Testicular Cancer
While the exact cause remains unclear, certain factors increase the risk of developing testicular cancer:
Age, particularly between 15 and 35 years.
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicle.
Family or personal history of testicular cancer.
Genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome.
HIV infection and maternal estrogen exposure.
Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer
Diagnosing testicular cancer involves:
A clinical examination to identify abnormalities such as lumps or swelling.
Ultrasound imaging to create detailed images of the testicles.
Blood tests to measure tumor markers like AFP, β-hCG, and LDH.
Imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to assess cancer spread.
Treatment of Testicular Cancer
Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer:
Surgery, or orchiectomy, involves the removal of the affected testicle and may include lymph node dissection.
Radiation therapy is often used for seminomas to target and destroy cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for metastatic disease and advanced cases.
High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant may be employed for relapsed or refractory cases.
Surveillance may be an option for early-stage cancer with regular monitoring for progression.