The human body is designed to function within a narrow internal temperature range, typically around 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F). When body temperature falls below 35°C (95°F), a serious medical condition called hypothermia occurs. Though commonly associated with cold weather, hypothermia can happen in various situations even indoors and requires urgent medical attention.
This article explores the definition of hypothermia, how it develops, its symptoms and causes, and the most effective ways to treat and prevent it.
Understanding Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. As the core temperature falls, vital organs including the heart, nervous system, and respiratory system begin to function less efficiently. If left untreated, hypothermia can progress to organ failure, unconsciousness, and even death.
The condition can affect anyone, but certain groups such as infants, the elderly, outdoor workers, hikers, and homeless individuals are especially vulnerable. It’s important to recognize that hypothermia doesn’t only happen in extreme environments it can also occur in cool, damp conditions or even after immersion in cold water.
How Hypothermia Affects the Body
When the body is exposed to cold, it activates natural defense mechanisms to conserve heat. Blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing blood flow to the extremities. Shivering begins as muscles try to generate more warmth. However, prolonged exposure overwhelms these defenses.
As core temperature drops:
- The brain becomes less responsive, impairing judgment and coordination.
- Heart rate and breathing slow, increasing the risk of cardiac arrest.
- Muscle stiffness and fatigue worsen physical function.
- Consciousness declines, and the person may appear confused or apathetic.
The progression of hypothermia can be subtle, especially in older adults who may not feel cold or notice the symptoms until it’s severe.
Causes and Risk Factors
Hypothermia results from excessive exposure to cold conditions, but there are several specific causes and contributing factors:
- Prolonged exposure to cold air, especially in wet or windy conditions
- Immersion in cold water, such as in accidents or drowning scenarios
- Inadequate clothing or shelter in cold environments
- Chronic medical conditions, including diabetes, hypothyroidism, or malnutrition
- Alcohol or drug use, which impairs the body’s heat-regulating responses
- Elderly age or very young age, due to decreased heat generation or regulation
- Burns or trauma, which increase heat loss through damaged skin
Importantly, hypothermia can also develop indoors, particularly in poorly heated homes during winter months.
Symptoms of Hypothermia
The signs of hypothermia depend on how low the body temperature has dropped. Early symptoms are mild and may be overlooked, while advanced stages present life-threatening complications.
Early signs may include:
- Shivering
- Cold, pale skin
- Slurred speech
- Lack of coordination
- Fatigue or drowsiness
As the condition worsens:
- Shivering may stop (a sign of severe hypothermia)
- Pulse and breathing slow
- Confusion or memory loss increases
- Unconsciousness or coma may develop
- The person may engage in paradoxical undressing removing clothes due to disorientation
Because hypothermia affects the brain, individuals often don’t realize how serious their condition is, making it essential for others to recognize and act on the warning signs.
Diagnosing Hypothermia
Hypothermia is usually diagnosed clinically, based on physical signs and measured core body temperature. A low reading on a standard thermometer may confirm the diagnosis, but in medical settings, more precise instruments like esophageal or rectal probes are used to measure internal temperature.
Healthcare providers also assess:
- Heart rate and rhythm (to detect arrhythmias)
- Blood pressure and respiratory rate
- Blood tests to evaluate electrolytes and organ function
In severe cases, electrocardiograms (ECG) may be used to monitor for potentially fatal heart disturbances.
Treatment of Hypothermia
Treatment depends on the severity of hypothermia and must begin immediately. The primary goal is to gradually rewarm the body, stabilize vital functions, and prevent further heat loss.
For mild hypothermia:
- Move the person to a warm, dry environment
- Remove wet clothing
- Cover them with warm blankets
- Provide warm fluids (non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated)
- Use body heat from another person if needed
For moderate to severe hypothermia, professional medical intervention is required:
- Passive and active external rewarming (heating blankets, warm air devices)
- Core rewarming (warmed IV fluids, humidified oxygen, or lavage)
- Monitoring heart rhythm and vital signs in a hospital or ICU
- CPR may be needed if cardiac arrest occurs, and resuscitation should be prolonged in hypothermic cases, as recovery is possible even after extended periods
It is critical not to rewarm a person too quickly or vigorously, as this can lead to dangerous heart rhythm disturbances.
Preventing Hypothermia
Prevention is key, especially for those at risk. Practical strategies include:
- Wearing layers of clothing, including thermal and moisture-wicking fabrics
- Keeping dry and protected from wind and rain
- Staying indoors during extreme cold, especially for the elderly or ill
- Avoiding alcohol, which impairs judgment and heat conservation
- Monitoring indoor heating during winter months
- Being cautious during outdoor activities, including hiking, boating, or skiing
Education and awareness can save lives, particularly in regions with cold climates or during unexpected weather changes.
Hypothermia and Medical Emergencies
Hypothermia is a medical emergency. Anyone showing signs of confusion, drowsiness, or slowed breathing in cold conditions should be treated as potentially hypothermic. Rapid recognition and careful rewarming can make the difference between recovery and irreversible organ failure.
At Erdem Hospital, with over 37 years of emergency and intensive care experience, our teams are equipped to manage life-threatening conditions like hypothermia with speed, precision, and compassion. Our multidisciplinary approach ensures not only immediate stabilization but also post-recovery support for long-term wellness.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What body temperature is considered hypothermic?
A core body temperature below 35°C (95°F) is classified as hypothermia.
Can you get hypothermia indoors?
Yes. It can happen in poorly heated homes, especially among elderly individuals, infants, or those with chronic illnesses.
Is shivering a sign of mild or severe hypothermia?
Shivering is a sign of mild to moderate hypothermia. When shivering stops, it may indicate severe or life-threatening hypothermia.
Should I give a hypothermic person hot drinks?
Warm (not hot), non-caffeinated, non-alcoholic drinks can help in mild cases, but avoid giving anything by mouth if the person is confused or semi-conscious.
Can someone recover from severe hypothermia?
Yes. With prompt and appropriate treatment, full recovery is possible, even after cardiac arrest caused by hypothermia. However, the window for successful treatment is narrow.