Stomatitis is a general term for inflammation of the oral mucosa—the soft tissue lining the inside of the mouth. It can appear as redness, swelling, painful ulcers, or small blisters, making eating, drinking, and even speaking uncomfortable. While stomatitis can occur at any age, children, individuals with weakened immune systems, and people under stress are more likely to develop it. Because it can stem from many causes, ranging from minor irritations to systemic diseases, recognizing its signs is essential for proper care.
What Triggers Stomatitis?
Stomatitis can have several origins, often linked to both local and general health factors. Common causes include:
- Viral infections: Cold sores caused by herpes simplex virus are a frequent form.
- Bacterial infections: Poor oral hygiene or dental issues can lead to bacterial overgrowth.
- Fungal infections: Oral thrush, triggered by Candida species, is common in infants and people on antibiotics.
- Mechanical irritation: Ill-fitting dentures, braces, or accidental biting of the cheek or tongue.
- Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of vitamins such as B12, folic acid, or iron may contribute.
- Allergic reactions: Sensitivity to certain foods, toothpaste ingredients, or mouth rinses.
- Systemic illnesses: Autoimmune conditions, gastrointestinal diseases, or reduced immunity.
Identifying the underlying cause is key to successful treatment.
Typical Symptoms of Stomatitis
The symptoms can differ depending on the type, but often include:
- Red, swollen areas in the mouth
- Small painful ulcers or white patches
- Burning or tingling sensations before sores appear
- Difficulty chewing or swallowing
- Bad breath in bacterial cases
- Fever or general malaise in more severe infections
Symptoms may appear suddenly and last from a few days to several weeks, depending on the severity and treatment.
Common Types of Stomatitis
- Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores): Characterized by round, painful ulcers with a whitish center, often recurring.
- Herpetic stomatitis: Caused by herpes simplex virus, often presenting with clusters of painful blisters.
- Angular stomatitis (cheilitis): Cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth, often linked to fungal or bacterial infection.
- Fungal stomatitis (oral candidiasis): White, creamy patches that can be wiped away, leaving sore areas.
Each type requires a slightly different treatment approach.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
A doctor or dentist usually diagnoses stomatitis by examining the mouth and reviewing medical history. If the cause is unclear or symptoms persist, additional tests may be performed, such as:
- Swabs to detect bacteria, viruses, or fungi
- Blood tests for nutritional deficiencies or immune disorders
- Biopsy in rare cases to rule out more serious conditions
Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate treatment and prevents unnecessary recurrence.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms:
- Antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal medication when infections are responsible
- Topical anesthetic gels or mouth rinses to relieve pain and inflammation
- Nutritional supplementation if deficiencies are detected
- Adjustment of dental devices such as dentures or braces to prevent mechanical irritation
- Improved oral hygiene with gentle brushing and alcohol-free mouth rinses
In addition, drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding irritating foods (spicy, acidic, or very hot) can support healing.
Preventive Measures
Prevention strategies focus on reducing triggers and maintaining oral health:
- Brush and floss regularly with mild, non-irritating toothpaste
- Avoid excessive alcohol and tobacco use
- Manage stress, which is a known trigger for recurrent ulcers
- Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals
- Schedule regular dental check-ups for early detection of problems
With more than 37 years of medical expertise, Erdem Hospital provides comprehensive diagnostics and individualized treatment for patients suffering from oral mucosal conditions such as stomatitis, ensuring safe and effective care.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is stomatitis contagious?
It depends on the cause. Viral stomatitis, such as herpes-related forms, can be contagious, while aphthous ulcers and nutritional-related stomatitis are not. - How long does stomatitis last?
Mild cases often resolve within 7 to 14 days. More severe or recurrent cases may last longer and require medical treatment. - Can stomatitis be linked to stress?
Yes. Stress and fatigue are common triggers for recurrent aphthous ulcers. Managing stress can reduce flare-ups. - Are children more likely to develop stomatitis?
Yes. Viral stomatitis is common in children, particularly herpetic gingivostomatitis, which often appears after first exposure to the herpes simplex virus. - When should I see a doctor for stomatitis?
If mouth sores last longer than three weeks, are unusually painful, or are accompanied by fever, swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss, professional evaluation is necessary.