A concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when a sudden blow or jolt to the head disrupts normal brain function. It may result from sports injuries, falls, car accidents, or other direct impacts to the skull. Although classified as “mild,” a concussion should never be underestimated, as repeated or untreated concussions can lead to long-term complications. Recognizing the signs early and responding appropriately is essential for recovery.
How Concussions Occur
The brain is cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull. When a strong force hits the head, the brain may move rapidly back and forth, striking the inside of the skull. This sudden movement disturbs brain function temporarily, affecting concentration, memory, balance, and coordination.
Concussions are common in:
- Sports activities: Especially contact sports like football, hockey, boxing, or soccer.
- Falls: A leading cause among children and older adults.
- Traffic accidents: Car and bicycle collisions frequently result in head trauma.
- Workplace injuries: Especially in physically demanding or high-risk jobs.
Symptoms of a Concussion
Symptoms may appear immediately or develop gradually within hours. Common signs include:
- Headache or pressure in the head
- Dizziness, nausea, or vomiting
- Confusion, memory lapses, or difficulty concentrating
- Blurred vision or sensitivity to light and noise
- Fatigue, drowsiness, or sleep disturbances
- Mood changes, irritability, or anxiety
In more severe cases, a person may briefly lose consciousness, though this is not always present.
Warning Signs Requiring Urgent Medical Attention
Although many concussions resolve with rest, certain symptoms may indicate a more serious brain injury:
- Prolonged or worsening headache
- Repeated vomiting
- Seizures
- Difficulty waking up or extreme drowsiness
- Slurred speech or weakness in arms and legs
- Unequal pupils or vision changes
If any of these occur, immediate emergency care is necessary.
Diagnosis
Doctors diagnose concussions through a detailed history of the injury and neurological examination. This includes tests for memory, balance, coordination, and reflexes. In some cases, imaging such as CT or MRI scans may be performed to rule out bleeding or swelling in the brain.
Treatment and Recovery
There is no single medication that cures a concussion. Instead, treatment focuses on rest and gradual recovery:
- Physical rest: Limiting strenuous activities, sports, and heavy physical work.
- Cognitive rest: Reducing activities that strain the brain, such as screen time, studying, or working under pressure.
- Pain management: Over-the-counter pain relievers may ease headaches.
- Gradual return to activities: Once symptoms improve, patients can slowly return to school, work, or sports under medical guidance.
Recovery usually takes one to two weeks, though some individuals especially children or those with repeated concussions may need more time.
Long-Term Risks of Repeated Concussions
Repeated concussions can lead to post-concussion syndrome, with lingering symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and concentration difficulties lasting weeks or months. In athletes and others exposed to frequent head trauma, there is an increased risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive brain disorder.
Preventive measures such as wearing helmets, practicing safe sports techniques, and reducing risky behaviors can lower the likelihood of repeated concussions.
With more than 37 years of medical expertise, Erdem Hospital provides expert diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and rehabilitation support for patients with head injuries and concussions, ensuring both safety and long-term well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Can you have a concussion without losing consciousness?
Yes. Most concussions do not involve loss of consciousness, and symptoms can still be significant. - How long should I rest after a concussion?
Rest is recommended until symptoms subside. Most people recover within 7–14 days, but a gradual return to activities under medical supervision is best. - Can children recover differently from adults?
Children may take longer to recover and are more vulnerable to repeat injuries. Extra caution and medical follow-up are advised. - Is it safe to sleep after a concussion?
Yes, once a doctor has examined the patient and ruled out serious complications. Monitoring for worsening symptoms is still important. - Can concussions have permanent effects?
Most people recover fully. However, multiple or severe concussions can lead to long-term issues with memory, mood, and coordination.